Journal Description
Materials
Materials
is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials science and engineering published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Materials Society (SPM), Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT) and Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES) are affiliated with Materials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q2 (Condensed Matter Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Materials.
- Companion journals for Materials include: Electronic Materials and Construction Materials.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Mo-Doped Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7/C Composites for High-Rate and Long-Life Sodium-Ion Batteries
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112679 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7/C (NFPP) is a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, but its electrochemical performance is heavily impeded by its low electronic conductivity. To address this, pure-phase Mo6+-doped Na4
[...] Read more.
Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7/C (NFPP) is a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, but its electrochemical performance is heavily impeded by its low electronic conductivity. To address this, pure-phase Mo6+-doped Na4Fe3−xMox(PO4)2P2O7/C (Mox-NFPP, x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) with the Pn21a space group is successfully synthesized through spray drying and annealing methods. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Mo6+ doping facilitates the transition of electrons from the valence to the conduction band, thus enhancing the intrinsic electron conductivity of Mox-NFPP. With an optimal Mo6+ doping level of x = 0.10, Mo0.10-NFPP exhibits lower charge transfer resistance, higher sodium-ion diffusion coefficients, and superior rate performance. As a result, the Mo0.10-NFPP cathode offers an initial discharge capacity of up to 123.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, nearly reaching its theoretical capacity. Even at a high rate of 10 C, it delivers a high discharge capacity of 86.09 mAh g−1, maintaining 96.18% of its capacity after 500 cycles. This research presents a new and straightforward strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of NFPP cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Materials—Recent Advances in Materials Chemistry)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
DRAGenin Application—An Approach for Microstructural Fatigue Predictions of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel Sheets
by
Manuel Henrich and Sebastian Münstermann
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112678 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study investigates multiple cyclic loading scenarios of non-oriented electrical steel sheets through both experimental and numerical approaches. The numerical simulations were conducted using Representative Volume Elements generated with DRAGen. DRAGen allowed for the generation of Representative Volume Elements with a non-cubic shape
[...] Read more.
This study investigates multiple cyclic loading scenarios of non-oriented electrical steel sheets through both experimental and numerical approaches. The numerical simulations were conducted using Representative Volume Elements generated with DRAGen. DRAGen allowed for the generation of Representative Volume Elements with a non-cubic shape to cover the complete sheet thickness and enough grains to represent the material’s texture. The experimental results, on the other hand, are utilized to calibrate and validate a prediction model, highlighting the significance of accumulated plastic slip as a suitable parameter correlated with fatigue life. Using the accumulated plastic slip from the simulations, a fatigue fracture locus is introduced, which describes a 3D surface dependent on the maximum stress, fatigue life, and the fatigue stress ratio. The study shows reliable results for the fatigue life prediction using the calibrated fatigue fracture locus. While substantial progress has been made in predicting the fatigue life at multiple fatigue stress ratios, notable disparities between experimental and simulation results suggest the need for further investigations regarding the influence of the surface quality. This observation motivates ongoing research efforts aimed at refining simulation methodologies to better incorporate surface roughness effects. In summary, this study presents a validated model for predicting fatigue life in non-oriented electrical steel sheets, offering valuable insights into material behavior at different loading scenarios and informing future research directions for enhanced structural performance and durability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Relationship for Metallic Materials (2nd Edition))
Open AccessArticle
Exploring the Effect of Specimen Size on Elastic Properties of Fused-Filament-Fabrication-Printed Polycarbonate and Thermoplastic Polyurethane
by
Charul Chadha, Gabriel Olaivar, Mahmoud A. Mahrous, Albert E. Patterson and Iwona Jasiuk
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2677; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112677 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is often used to create designs inspired by topology optimization and biological structures, yielding unique cross-sectional geometries spanning across scales. However, manufacturing defects intrinsic to AM can affect material properties, limiting the applicability of a uniform material model across diverse
[...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is often used to create designs inspired by topology optimization and biological structures, yielding unique cross-sectional geometries spanning across scales. However, manufacturing defects intrinsic to AM can affect material properties, limiting the applicability of a uniform material model across diverse cross-sections. To examine this phenomenon, this paper explores the influence of specimen size and layer height on the compressive modulus of polycarbonate (PC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) specimens fabricated using fused filament fabrication (FFF). Micro-computed tomography imaging and compression testing were conducted on the printed samples. The results indicate that while variations in the modulus were statistically significant due to both layer height and size of the specimen in TPU, variations in PC were only statistically significant due to layer height. The highest elastic modulus was observed at a 0.2 mm layer height for both materials across different sizes. These findings offer valuable insights into design components for FFF, emphasizing the importance of considering mechanical property variations due to feature size, especially in TPU. Furthermore, locations with a higher probability of failure are recommended to be printed closer to the print bed, especially for TPU, because of the lower void volume fraction observed near the heated print bed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Additive Manufacturing (Volume II))
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
In Situ Study of Precipitates’ Effect on Grain Deformation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of S31254 Super Austenitic Stainless Steel
by
Jinyao Ma, Huanyu Tan, Nan Dong, Jiemin Gao, Puli Wang, Zhihua Wang and Peide Han
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112676 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Grain boundary (GB) precipitation-induced cracking is a significant issue for S31254 super austenitic stainless steel during hot working. Investigating the deformation behavior based on precipitate morphology and distribution is essential. In this study, continuous smaller and intermittent larger precipitates were obtained through heat
[...] Read more.
Grain boundary (GB) precipitation-induced cracking is a significant issue for S31254 super austenitic stainless steel during hot working. Investigating the deformation behavior based on precipitate morphology and distribution is essential. In this study, continuous smaller and intermittent larger precipitates were obtained through heat treatments at 950 °C and 1050 °C. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties influenced by precipitates were experimentally investigated using an in situ tensile stage inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results showed that continuous precipitates at 950 °C had a stronger pinning effect on the GB, making grain rotation difficult and promoting slip deformation in the plastic interval. Continuous precipitates caused severe stress concentration near GB and reduced coordinated deformation ability. Additionally, the crack propagation path changed from transcrystalline to intercrystalline. Furthermore, internal precipitates were a crucial factor affecting the initial crack nucleation position. Interconnected precipitates led to an intergranular fracture tendency and severe deterioration of the material’s plasticity, as observed in fracture morphology.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanical Properties and Structure of Metal and Metal Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Recycling Functional Fillers from Waste Tires for Tailored Polystyrene Composites: Mechanical, Fire Retarding, Electromagnetic Field Shielding, and Acoustic Insulation Properties—A Short Review
by
Jinlong Zhang, Hang Liu, Shyam S. Sablani and Qinglin Wu
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112675 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Polymer waste is currently a big and challenging issue throughout the world. Waste tires represent an important source of polymer waste. Therefore, it is highly desirable to recycle functional fillers from waste tires to develop composite materials for advanced applications. The primary theme
[...] Read more.
Polymer waste is currently a big and challenging issue throughout the world. Waste tires represent an important source of polymer waste. Therefore, it is highly desirable to recycle functional fillers from waste tires to develop composite materials for advanced applications. The primary theme of this review involves an overview of developing polystyrene (PS) composites using materials from recycled tires as fillers; waste tire recycling in terms of ground tire rubbers, carbon black, and textile fibers; surface treatments of the fillers to optimize various composite properties; and the mechanical, fire retarding, acoustic, and electromagnetic field (EMI) shielding performances of PS composite materials. The development of composite materials from polystyrene and recycled waste tires provides a novel avenue to achieve reductions in carbon emission goals and closed-loop plastic recycling, which is of significance in the development of circular economics and an environmentally friendly society.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Rubbers and Elastomers Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Preparation and Performance Study of Rapid Repair Epoxy Concrete for Bridge Deck Pavement
by
Linhao Sun, Xinling Hao, Jilei He, Yingchun Cai, Pan Guo and Qingwen Ma
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112674 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
With the rapid development of bridge construction, the service life of bridges and traffic volume continue to increase, leading to the gradual appearance of diseases such as potholes and cracks in bridge deck pavements under repeated external loads. These issues severely impact the
[...] Read more.
With the rapid development of bridge construction, the service life of bridges and traffic volume continue to increase, leading to the gradual appearance of diseases such as potholes and cracks in bridge deck pavements under repeated external loads. These issues severely impact the safety and service life of bridges. The repair of bridge deck potholes and cracks is crucial for ensuring the integrity and safety of bridge structures. Rapid repair materials designed for this purpose play a critical role in effectively and efficiently addressing these issues. In order to address the issues of pavement diseases, this study focuses on the rapid repair of epoxy concrete for bridge deck pavements and its performance is studied using experimental methods. Firstly, carbon black, rubber powder, and other materials were used to improve the elastic modulus and aging resistance of the epoxy concrete. Secondly, the addition of solid asphalt particles provided thermal sensitivity to the repair material. Finally, various properties of the rapid repair epoxy concrete for bridge deck pavements were tested through experiments including compressive strength testing, elastic modulus measurement, thermal sensitivity testing, and anti-UV aging testing. The experimental results show that adding carbon black and rubber powder reduces the elastic modulus of epoxy concrete by 25% compared to normal epoxy concrete, while increasing its aging resistance by 1.8%. The inclusion of solid asphalt particles provided thermal sensitivity to the repair material, contributing to better stress coordination between the repair material and the original pavement material under different temperature conditions. The epoxy concrete has early strength, toughness, and anti-aging properties, making it suitable for rapid repair of bridge deck pavement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials, Second Volume)
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Hydrogen Plasma Treatment on the Electrical Behavior of Solution-Processed ZnO Thin Films
by
Ji-In Park, Hyun Uk Lee, Christopher Pearson, Michael C. Petty and Yesul Jeong
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112673 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this study, the effect of atmospheric hydrogen plasma treatment on the in-plane conductivity of solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) in various environments is reported. The hydrogen-plasma-treated and untreated ZnO films exhibited ohmic behavior with room-temperature in-plane conductivity in a vacuum. When the untreated
[...] Read more.
In this study, the effect of atmospheric hydrogen plasma treatment on the in-plane conductivity of solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) in various environments is reported. The hydrogen-plasma-treated and untreated ZnO films exhibited ohmic behavior with room-temperature in-plane conductivity in a vacuum. When the untreated ZnO film was exposed to a dry oxygen environment, the conductivity rapidly decreased, and an oscillating current was observed. In certain cases, the thin film reversibly ‘switched’ between the high- and low-conductivity states. In contrast, the conductivity of the hydrogen-plasma-treated ZnO film remained nearly constant under different ambient conditions. We infer that hydrogen acts as a shallow donor, increasing the carrier concentration and generating oxygen vacancies by eliminating the surface contamination layer. Hence, atmospheric hydrogen plasma treatment could play a crucial role in stabilizing the conductivity of ZnO films.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Microstructures and Advanced Functional Properties of Thin Films)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Hexakis[p-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene as an Environmentally Friendly Modifier for Polyurethane Powder Coatings with Increased Thermal Stability and Corrosion Resistance
by
Barbara Pilch-Pitera, Dominika Czachor-Jadacka, Łukasz Byczyński, Michał Dutkiewicz, Rafał Januszewski, Krzysztof Kowalczyk, Wojciech J. Nowak and Katarzyna Pojnar
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112672 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Protection against fire and the corrosion of metals is necessary to ensure human safety. Most of the fire and corrosion inhibitors do not meet the ecological requirements. Therefore, effective and ecological methods of protecting metals are currently a challenge for researchers. In this
[...] Read more.
Protection against fire and the corrosion of metals is necessary to ensure human safety. Most of the fire and corrosion inhibitors do not meet the ecological requirements. Therefore, effective and ecological methods of protecting metals are currently a challenge for researchers. In this work, the influence of hexakis(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (HHPCP) on the characteristics of powder coatings was examined. The coatings’ properties were investigated by measuring the roughness, hardness, adhesion to the steel surface, cupping, gloss, scratch resistance, and water contact angle. The thermal stability was studied by furnace test and TGA analysis. The corrosion resistance test was carried out in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The distribution of phosphazene-derived segments in the coating was examined by GD-EOS analysis. Modified coatings show better corrosion and thermal resistance and can be used for the protection of the steel surface. Their better corrosion resistance is due to the electroactive properties of the phosphazene ring and its higher concentration at the coating surface, confirmed by GD-EOS analysis. The increase in thermal resistance is due to the effect of the formation of phosphoric metaphosphoric and polyphosphoric acids during the decomposition of HHCPC, which remain in the condensed char phase and play a crucial role in surface protection.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Emerging Challenges in Functional Coatings)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Freeze–Thaw Cycle Durability and Mechanism Analysis of Zeolite Powder-Modified Recycled Concrete
by
Teng Yu, Yimeng Zhang, Liang Cao, Peng Cao, Changjun Zhou and Shenglong Gu
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112671 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
The inferior mechanical performance and freeze–thaw (FT) resistance of recycled concrete are mostly due to the significant water absorption and porosity of recycled coarse particles. In this study, different dosages of zeolite powder were used in recycled concrete. A series of macroscopic tests
[...] Read more.
The inferior mechanical performance and freeze–thaw (FT) resistance of recycled concrete are mostly due to the significant water absorption and porosity of recycled coarse particles. In this study, different dosages of zeolite powder were used in recycled concrete. A series of macroscopic tests were used to evaluate the workability and FT durability of zeolite powder-modified recycled concrete (ZPRC). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to reveal the micro-mechanisms of FT resistance in ZPRC. The results show that the increase in zeolite powder content leads to a decrease in the slump and water absorption of ZPRC. Additionally, ZPRC with 10% zeolite powder has superior mechanical characteristics and tolerance to FT conditions. The higher strength and FT resistance of the ZPRC can be attributed to the particle-filling effect, water storage function, and pozzolanic reaction of zeolite powder, which results in a denser microstructure. The particle-filling effect of zeolite powder promotes the reduction of surface pores in recycled coarse aggregates (RCAs). The water storage function of zeolite powder can provide water for the secondary hydration of cement particles while reducing the free water content in ZPRC. The pozzolanic reaction of zeolite powder can also promote the generation of hydrated calcium silicate and anorthite, thereby making the microstructure of ZPRC more compact. These results provide theoretical guidance for the engineering application of recycled concrete in cold regions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Excitation Parameters on Finishing Characteristics in Magnetorheological Finishing for 6063 Aluminum Alloy
by
Yiming Fang and Jinzhong Wu
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112670 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
The present work is aimed at studying the effects of the magnetorheological finishing process, using a low-frequency alternating magnetic field, on the finishing performance of 6063 aluminum alloy. The study investigates the influence of key excitation parameters such as current, frequency, excitation gap,
[...] Read more.
The present work is aimed at studying the effects of the magnetorheological finishing process, using a low-frequency alternating magnetic field, on the finishing performance of 6063 aluminum alloy. The study investigates the influence of key excitation parameters such as current, frequency, excitation gap, and iron powder diameter on the material removal and surface roughness (Ra) of the finished workpiece by experiments. This study employs a single-factor experimental method, and the finish surface is analyzed by a Zigo non-contact white light interferometer. The magnetic field strength in the processing area increases with the increase in the excitation current and decreases with the increase in the excitation gap. When the current frequency is set to 1 Hz, the circulation and renewal of abrasives in the magnetic cluster is most sufficient, resulting in the optimal surface roughness value for the workpiece. According to the experimental results of the excitation parameters, more suitable process parameters were selected for a two-stage finishing experiment. The surface roughness of 6063 aluminum alloy was improved from 285 nm to 3.54 nm. Experimental results highlighted that the magnetorheological finishing using a low-frequency alternating magnetic field is a potential technique for obtaining nano-scale finishing of the 6063 aluminum alloy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Use of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica–Benzene Adsorbent for CO2 Capture to Reduce the Greenhouse Effect
by
David Cantador-Fernandez, Dolores Esquivel, José Ramón Jiménez and José María Fernández-Rodríguez
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112669 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The CO2 adsorption of a phenylene-bridged ordered mesoporous organosilica (PMO–benzene) was analyzed. The maximum capture capacity was 638.2 mg·g−1 (0 °C and 34 atm). Approximately 0.43 g would be enough to reduce the amount of atmospheric CO2 in 1 m
[...] Read more.
The CO2 adsorption of a phenylene-bridged ordered mesoporous organosilica (PMO–benzene) was analyzed. The maximum capture capacity was 638.2 mg·g−1 (0 °C and 34 atm). Approximately 0.43 g would be enough to reduce the amount of atmospheric CO2 in 1 m3 to pre-industrial levels. The CO2 adsorption data were analyzed using several isotherm models, including Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Toth, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Temkin models. This study confirmed the capability of this material for use in reversible CO2 capture with a minimal loss of capacity (around 1%) after 10 capture cycles. Various techniques were employed to characterize this material. The findings from this study can help mitigate the greenhouse effect caused by CO2.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Micro-Milling of Additively Manufactured Al-Si-Mg Aluminum Alloys
by
Qiongyi He, Xiaochong Kang and Xian Wu
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112668 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Additively manufactured aluminum alloy parts attract extensive applications in various felids. To study the machinability of additively manufactured aluminum alloys, micro-milling experiments were conducted on the additively manufactured AlSi7Mg and AlSi10Mg. By comparing the machinability of Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys with different Si content,
[...] Read more.
Additively manufactured aluminum alloy parts attract extensive applications in various felids. To study the machinability of additively manufactured aluminum alloys, micro-milling experiments were conducted on the additively manufactured AlSi7Mg and AlSi10Mg. By comparing the machinability of Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys with different Si content, the results show that due to the higher hardness of the AlSi10Mg, the cutting forces are higher than the AlSi7Mg by about 11.8% on average. Due to the increased Si content in additively manufactured Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys, the surface roughness of AlSi10Mg is 26.9% higher than AlSi7Mg on average. The burr morphology of additively manufactured aluminum alloys in micro-milling can be divided into fence shape and branch shape, which are, respectively, formed by the plastic lateral flow and unseparated chips. The up-milling edge exhibits a greater burr width than the down-milling edge. Due to the better plasticity of AlSi7Mg, the burr width of the down-milling edge is 28.1% larger, and the burr width of the up-milling edge is 10.1% larger than the AlSi10Mg. This research can provide a guideline for the post-machining of additively manufactured aluminum alloys.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Liquefaction Efficiency: Exploring the Impact of Pre-Hydrolysis on Hazelnut Shell (Corylus avellana L.)
by
Luísa Cruz-Lopes, Joana Duarte, Yuliya Dulyanska, Raquel P. F. Guiné and Bruno Esteves
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112667 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Hazelnut shells (HS), scientifically known as Corylus avellana L. shells, are waste produced by companies that process nuts. The main objective of this study was to find an efficient way to maximize the chemical potential of HS by solubilizing the hemicelluloses, which could
[...] Read more.
Hazelnut shells (HS), scientifically known as Corylus avellana L. shells, are waste produced by companies that process nuts. The main objective of this study was to find an efficient way to maximize the chemical potential of HS by solubilizing the hemicelluloses, which could then be used to recover sugars and, at the same time, increase the lignin content of this material to produce adhesives or high-strength foams. In order to optimize the pre-hydrolysis process, two different temperatures (160 and 170 °C) and times varying from 15 to 180 min were tested. All the remaining solid materials were then liquefied using polyalcohols with acid catalysis. The chemical composition of hazelnut shells was determined before and after the pre-hydrolysis. All of the process was monitored using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) by determining the spectra of solids and liquids after the pre-hydrolysis and liquefaction steps. The highest solubilization of hazelnut shells was found for 170 °C and 180 min, resulting in a 25.8% solubilization. Chemical analysis after the hydrolysis process showed a gradual increase in the solubilization of hemicelluloses as both the temperature and time of the reactor were increased. Simultaneously, the percentages of α-cellulose and lignin in the material also increased with rises in temperature and duration. FTIR-ATR allowed for the detection of significant spectral changes in the hazelnut shells from their initial state to the solid residue and further into the liquefied phase. This confirmed that pre-hydrolysis was effective in enhancing the chemical composition of the material, making it more suitable for the production of adhesives, polyurethane foams, or in the production of bioplastics and composite materials, combined with other biopolymers or synthetic polymers to enhance the mechanical properties and biodegradability of the resulting materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomass-Based Materials and Their Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A pH-Responsive Polycaprolactone–Copper Peroxide Composite Coating Fabricated via Suspension Flame Spraying for Antimicrobial Applications
by
Tingting Cui, Daofeng Zhou, Yu Zhang, Decong Kong, Zhijuan Wang, Zhuoyue Han, Meiqi Song, Xierzhati Aimaier, Yanxin Dan, Botao Zhang and Hua Li
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2666; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112666 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
In this study, a pH-responsive polycaprolactone (PCL)–copper peroxide (CuO2) composite antibacterial coating was developed by suspension flame spraying. The successful synthesis of CuO2 nanoparticles and fabrication of the PCL-CuO2 composite coatings were confirmed by microstructural and chemical analysis. The
[...] Read more.
In this study, a pH-responsive polycaprolactone (PCL)–copper peroxide (CuO2) composite antibacterial coating was developed by suspension flame spraying. The successful synthesis of CuO2 nanoparticles and fabrication of the PCL-CuO2 composite coatings were confirmed by microstructural and chemical analysis. The composite coatings were structurally homogeneous, with the chemical properties of PCL well maintained. The acidic environment was found to effectively accelerate the dissociation of CuO2, allowing the simultaneous release of Cu2+ and H2O2. Antimicrobial tests clearly revealed the enhanced antibacterial properties of the PCL-CuO2 composite coating against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus under acidic conditions, with a bactericidal effect of over 99.99%. This study presents a promising approach for constructing pH-responsive antimicrobial coatings for biomedical applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Functionalization of Metal Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Impact of Rh, Ru, and Pd Leads and Contact Topologies on Performance of WSe2 FETs: A First Comparative Ab Initio Study
by
Chih-Hung Chung, Chiung-Yuan Lin, Hsien-Yang Liu, Shao-En Nian, Yu-Tzu Chen and Cheng-En Tsai
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112665 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
2D field-effect transistors (FETs) fabricated with transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials are a potential replacement for the silicon-based CMOS. However, the lack of advancement in p-type contact is also a key factor hindering TMD-based CMOS applications. The less investigated path towards improving electrical
[...] Read more.
2D field-effect transistors (FETs) fabricated with transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials are a potential replacement for the silicon-based CMOS. However, the lack of advancement in p-type contact is also a key factor hindering TMD-based CMOS applications. The less investigated path towards improving electrical characteristics based on contact geometries with low contact resistance (RC) has also been established. Moreover, finding contact metals to reduce the RC is indeed one of the significant challenges in achieving the above goal. Our research provides the first comparative analysis of the three contact configurations for a WSe2 monolayer with different noble metals (Rh, Ru, and Pd) by employing ab initio density functional theory (DFT) and non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) methods. From the perspective of the contact topologies, the RC and minimum subthreshold slope (SSMIN) of all the conventional edge contacts are outperformed by the novel non-van der Waals (vdW) sandwich contacts. These non-vdW sandwich contacts reveal that their RC values are below 50 Ω∙μm, attributed to the narrow Schottky barrier widths (SBWs) and low Schottky barrier heights (SBHs). Not only are the RC values dramatically reduced by such novel contacts, but the SSMIN values are lower than 68 mV/dec. The new proposal offers the lowest RC and SSMIN, irrespective of the contact metals. Further considering the metal leads, the WSe2/Rh FETs based on the non-vdW sandwich contacts show a meager RC value of 33 Ω∙μm and an exceptional SSMIN of 63 mV/dec. The two calculated results present the smallest-ever values reported in our study, indicating that the non-vdW sandwich contacts with Rh leads can attain the best-case scenario. In contrast, the symmetric convex edge contacts with Pd leads cause the worst-case degradation, yielding an RC value of 213 Ω∙μm and an SSMIN value of 95 mV/dec. While all the WSe2/Ru FETs exhibit medium performances, the minimal shift in the transfer curves is interestingly advantageous to the circuit operation. Conclusively, the low-RC performances and the desirable SSMIN values are a combination of the contact geometries and metal leads. This innovation, achieved through noble metal leads in conjunction with the novel contact configurations, paves the way for a TMD-based CMOS with ultra-low RC and rapid switching speeds.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Antipathogenic Applications of Copper Nanoparticles in Air Filtration Systems
by
Subbareddy Mekapothula, Elvina Chrysanthou, James Hall, Phani Durga Nekkalapudi, Samantha McLean and Gareth W. V. Cave
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112664 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical need for effective air filtration systems in healthcare environments to mitigate the spread of viral and bacterial pathogens. This study explores the utilization of copper nanoparticle-coated materials for air filtration, offering both antiviral and antimicrobial properties.
[...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical need for effective air filtration systems in healthcare environments to mitigate the spread of viral and bacterial pathogens. This study explores the utilization of copper nanoparticle-coated materials for air filtration, offering both antiviral and antimicrobial properties. Highly uniform spherical copper oxide nanoparticles (~10 nm) were synthesized via a spinning disc reactor and subsequently functionalized with carboxylated ligands to ensure colloidal stability in aqueous solutions. The functionalized copper oxide nanoparticles were applied as antipathogenic coatings on extruded polyethylene and melt-blown polypropylene fibers to assess their efficacy in air filtration applications. Notably, Type IIR medical facemasks incorporating the copper nanoparticle-coated polyethylene fibers demonstrated a >90% reduction in influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 within 2 h of exposure. Similarly, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filtration pre- (polyester) and post (polypropylene)-filtration media were functionalised with the copper nanoparticles and exhibited a 99% reduction in various viral and bacterial strains, including SARS-CoV-2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli. In both cases, this mitigates not only the immediate threat from these pathogens but also the risk of biofouling and secondary risk factors. The assessment of leaching properties confirmed that the copper nanoparticle coatings remained intact on the polymeric fiber surfaces without releasing nanoparticles into the solution or airflow. These findings highlight the potential of nanoparticle-coated materials in developing biocompatible and environmentally friendly air filtration systems for healthcare settings, crucial in combating current and future pandemic threats.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for a Better Life (Volume II))
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Corrosion Monitoring in Petroleum Installations—Practical Analysis of the Methods
by
Juliusz Orlikowski, Agata Jażdżewska, Iwona Łuksa, Michał Szociński and Kazimierz Darowicki
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112663 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper presents the most typical corrosion mechanisms occurring in the petroleum industry. The methods of corrosion monitoring are described for particular corrosion mechanisms. The field and scope of the application of given corrosion-monitoring methods are provided in detail. The main advantages and
[...] Read more.
This paper presents the most typical corrosion mechanisms occurring in the petroleum industry. The methods of corrosion monitoring are described for particular corrosion mechanisms. The field and scope of the application of given corrosion-monitoring methods are provided in detail. The main advantages and disadvantages of particular methods are highlighted. Measurement difficulties and obstacles are identified and widely discussed based on actual results. Presented information will allow the corrosion personnel in refineries to extract more reliable data from corrosion-monitoring systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Investigation of the Properties of Anti-Friction Coatings Deposited with Different Casting Methods
by
Tomas Kačinskas, Saulius Baskutis, Jolanta Baskutienė and Lina Kavaliauskienė
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2662; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112662 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
This article presents the research results of depositing anti-friction coatings (Babbitt) using three different casting methods: static casting, flame soldering, and clad welding. Babbitt alloy coatings deposited with different casting methods are discussed and explained in terms of changes in the coating properties,
[...] Read more.
This article presents the research results of depositing anti-friction coatings (Babbitt) using three different casting methods: static casting, flame soldering, and clad welding. Babbitt alloy coatings deposited with different casting methods are discussed and explained in terms of changes in the coating properties, such as the microstructure, hardness, strength, and chemical composition. The results showed significant differences in the aforementioned properties, depending on the chosen coating deposition method. The results of the tests confirmed the importance of using shielding gas during deposition to ensure the chemical composition of the coating. The analysis revealed that decreases in the amounts of antimony and copper in the Babbitt coating compared with the initial concentrations were influenced by selective evaporation, oxidation, and the coating process parameters associated with different coating methods. To maintain the desired balance of mechanical properties in Babbitt coatings, it is important to control the antimony and copper contents. Clad welding deposition using a non-consumable tungsten electrode and argon shielding gas achieved a chemically stable coating quite close to the initial chemical composition of the Babbitt alloy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Material Durability and Mechanical Properties)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Taguchi Optimization of Wetting, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Sn-1.0wt.%Ag-0.5wt.%Cu Alloys Modified with Bi and Sb
by
Sung-joon Hong, Ashutosh Sharma and Jae Pil Jung
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112661 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study was conducted on SAC105 (Sn-1wt.%Ag-0.5wt.%Cu) lead-free solder modified with Bi and Sb. The wetting, melting point, and mechanical properties were analysed with the addition of 1~5 wt.%Bi and 1~5 wt.%Sb for SAC105 base alloy. The wetting characteristics were assessed by wetting
[...] Read more.
This study was conducted on SAC105 (Sn-1wt.%Ag-0.5wt.%Cu) lead-free solder modified with Bi and Sb. The wetting, melting point, and mechanical properties were analysed with the addition of 1~5 wt.%Bi and 1~5 wt.%Sb for SAC105 base alloy. The wetting characteristics were assessed by wetting time (zero cross time, ZCT) obtained from wetting balance tests. The mechanical properties were analysed by tensile tests. Considering two factors (Bi, Sb), a three-level (0, 1, 2 wt.%) design of experiment (DOE) method array was applied for Taguchi optimization. The results indicated that the solder wetting increased as Bi content increased, while it decreased with Sb. The ZCT decreased with increasing Bi content up to 4 wt.%, while it increased proportionally to Sb content. The melting point, measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), showed that the melting point tended to decrease according to Bi increase, while it increases depending on the Sb content. Increase in Bi and Sb levels resulted in enhanced tensile strength in the mechanical properties tests, with Bi having a more noticeable impact. The Taguchi optimized conditions for the Bi and Sb studies were found to be 2 wt.%Bi and 2 wt.%Sb. This led to an optimal set of 0.9 s of wetting time, a 222.55 °C melting point, a 55 MPa tensile strength, and a 50% elongation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electronic Packaging Technology: From Hard to Soft)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Recent Advances in Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Composites for Organic Effluent Remediation
by
Shuxian Tang, Yuxuan Wang, Peng He, Yan Wang and Gang Wei
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112660 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by organic effluents emitted by industry has become a worldwide issue and poses a serious threat to the public and the ecosystem. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), comprising metal-containing clusters and organic bridging ligands, are porous and crystalline materials, possessing fascinating shape
[...] Read more.
Environmental pollution caused by organic effluents emitted by industry has become a worldwide issue and poses a serious threat to the public and the ecosystem. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), comprising metal-containing clusters and organic bridging ligands, are porous and crystalline materials, possessing fascinating shape and size-dependent properties such as high surface area, abundant active sites, well-defined crystal morphologies, and huge potential for surface functionalization. To date, numerous well designated MOFs have emerged as critical functional materials to solve the growing challenges associated with water environmental issues. Here we present the recent progress of MOF-based materials and their applications in the treatment of organic effluents. Firstly, several traditional and emerging synthesis strategies for MOF composites are introduced. Then, the structural and functional regulations of MOF composites are presented and analyzed. Finally, typical applications of MOF-based materials in treating organic effluents, including chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, and agricultural wastewaters are summarized. Overall, this review is anticipated to tailor design and regulation of MOF-based functional materials for boosting the performance of organic effluent remediation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Materials Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Bioengineering, JMMP, Materials, Micromachines, Polymers
Advances in Filament Engineering for Biomaterials
Topic Editors: Ming-Wei Chang, Zeeshan Ahmad, Hui-Min David WangDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Catalysts, Coatings, Crystals, Energies, Materials, Nanomaterials
Interfacial Bonding Design and Applications in Structural and Functional Materials
Topic Editors: Junlei Qi, Pengcheng Wang, Yaotian YanDeadline: 20 July 2024
Topic in
Coatings, CMD, Materials, Metals, Molecules
Corrosion and Protection of Metallic Materials, 2nd Edition
Topic Editors: Sebastian Feliú, Jr., Federico R. García-Galván, Lucien VelevaDeadline: 31 July 2024
Topic in
Atmosphere, Buildings, Materials, Remote Sensing, Sensors
Condition Perception and Performance Evaluation of Engineering Structures
Topic Editors: Jingzhou Xin, Hong Zhang, Yan Jiang, Simon X. YangDeadline: 31 August 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Materials
Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer Composites
Guest Editors: Patricia Krawczak, Salim ChakiDeadline: 10 June 2024
Special Issue in
Materials
Thermal Behavior of Polymeric and Other Advanced Materials
Guest Editors: Małgorzata Maciejewska, Magdalena RogulskaDeadline: 30 June 2024
Special Issue in
Materials
Advances in Nanomaterials and Molecules and Their Applications on Environment Recovery and Release Systems
Guest Editors: Fernando Gomes de Souza Junior, Diganta Bhusan DasDeadline: 20 July 2024
Special Issue in
Materials
Nuclear Materials Fundamentals and Applications
Guest Editors: Zhoutong He, Min Liu, Wei QiDeadline: 30 July 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Materials
3D Printing in Medicine and Biomedical Engineering
Collection Editor: Filip Górski
Topical Collection in
Materials
Catalysts: Preparation, Catalytic Performance and Catalytic Reaction
Collection Editors: Gina Pecchi, Cristian H. Campos
Topical Collection in
Materials
Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Advanced Alloys
Collection Editor: Marián Palcut
Topical Collection in
Materials
Manufacturing Engineering and Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials
Collection Editor: Aminul Islam